Outbreaks of bird flu in mammals doubled in 2024 with other zoonotic diseases spreading and putting more humans at risk, says a new report on animal health.
The first assessment published by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) revealed animal diseases were migrating into unaffected areas. Half (47 per cent) of these have zoonotic – animal-to-human – potential.
In 2023, there were 459 outbreaks of bird flu recorded in mammals, but that number climbed to 1,022 across 55 countries a year later.
Climate change, the expanding animal trade and a five per cent reduction in livestock vaccinations between 2020 and 2022 contributed to the rise, the report said.
“The spread, prevalence and impact of infectious animal diseases is changing, bringing new challenges for agriculture and food security, human health and development, and natural ecosystems,” said Emmanuelle Soubeyran, director general of WOAH.
“By launching a new, annual assessment of the state of the world’s animal health, WOAH shines a light on our interconnected health issues and the solutions that can improve animal health and, by extension, global health.
“To limit the spread of highly damaging diseases, the global community must strengthen international co-operation and ensure equitable access to safe, effective vaccines, alongside other control measures.”
The findings come after the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported nine new cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (Mers) in Saudi Arabia. The disease causes flu-type respiratory symptoms and has spread from camels to humans. Of new infections reported between March 1 and April 25, two were fatal.
But eight of the patients had no known history of contact with camels or camel products. Since the first report of Mers-CoV in Saudi Arabia in 2012, there have been a total 2627 laboratory-confirmed cases and 946 associated deaths.
The majority of cases (84 per cent), have been reported from Saudi Arabia, including the most recent infections, eight of which were in Riyadh and one in Hail. No human cases of Mers have been reported outside the region to date.
More than 630 million birds have been culled across two decades during bird flu outbreaks, also called high pathogenicity avian influenza. While the risk to humans remains low, more mammalian species that become infected - such as cattle, cats and dogs - the greater the risk of transmission to humans.
Bird flu was one of several animal diseases to affect new areas in 2024. One of those is peste des petits ruminants (PPR), a disease traditionally affecting sheep and goats in developing countries, that has re-emerged in Europe.
Symptoms in livestock include fever, gastroenteritis, pneumonia and sometimes death. African swine fever has also reached pig farms in Sri Lanka, travelling more than 1.8km from the nearest outbreaks, the report found.
Of all diseases notified to WOAH between 2005 and 2023, almost half were considered a threat to human health or with potential to make the jump from animals. The organisation currently operates two global vaccine banks, to protect animals against rabies and PPR, delivering vaccines to 30 million dogs in Africa and Asia.
In 2024, there were a further 3,517 cases of Bluetongue, an insect borne virus that spreads among livestock, in 23 countries, while Germany experienced its first outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease since 1988.
In Mexico, vets reported the first case of New World screwworm, a parasitic fly whose lava eat the flesh of warm blooded animals. The disease has also re-emerged in Nicaragua. As in humans, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a significant threat to livestock and is predicted to jeopardise food security in two billion people by 2050.
AMR has increased as overuse of antibiotics has led to germs evolving to develop an ability to beat the drugs designed to kill them off. Europe saw the greatest decline in antibiotic use in animals from 2020 to 2022, Javier Yugueros-Marcos, head of the WOAH antimicrobial resistance and veterinary products department, said antibiotic misuse continued to cause wider issues in animal care.
“The declining use of antibiotics in almost all regions is encouraging but further reductions can be achieved,” he said.
“This can be done by prioritising preventive measures against animal diseases, with vaccination an essential component. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials contributes to antimicrobial resistance, which is a major threat to both animal and human health.”
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- ONCE UPON A TIME… IN HOLLYWOOD - David Heyman, Shannon McIntosh, Quentin Tarantino
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LEADING ACTOR
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SUPPORTING ACTOR
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- THE IRISHMAN - Steven Zaillian
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ORIGINAL SCREENPLAY
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Diriyah%20project%20at%20a%20glance
%3Cp%3E-%20Diriyah%E2%80%99s%201.9km%20King%20Salman%20Boulevard%2C%20a%20Parisian%20Champs-Elysees-inspired%20avenue%2C%20is%20scheduled%20for%20completion%20in%202028%3Cbr%3E-%20The%20Royal%20Diriyah%20Opera%20House%20is%20expected%20to%20be%20completed%20in%20four%20years%3Cbr%3E-%20Diriyah%E2%80%99s%20first%20of%2042%20hotels%2C%20the%20Bab%20Samhan%20hotel%2C%20will%20open%20in%20the%20first%20quarter%20of%202024%3Cbr%3E-%20On%20completion%20in%202030%2C%20the%20Diriyah%20project%20is%20forecast%20to%20accommodate%20more%20than%20100%2C000%20people%3Cbr%3E-%20The%20%2463.2%20billion%20Diriyah%20project%20will%20contribute%20%247.2%20billion%20to%20the%20kingdom%E2%80%99s%20GDP%3Cbr%3E-%20It%20will%20create%20more%20than%20178%2C000%20jobs%20and%20aims%20to%20attract%20more%20than%2050%20million%20visits%20a%20year%3Cbr%3E-%20About%202%2C000%20people%20work%20for%20the%20Diriyah%20Company%2C%20with%20more%20than%2086%20per%20cent%20being%20Saudi%20citizens%3Cbr%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
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Ruwais timeline
1971 Abu Dhabi National Oil Company established
1980 Ruwais Housing Complex built, located 10 kilometres away from industrial plants
1982 120,000 bpd capacity Ruwais refinery complex officially inaugurated by the founder of the UAE Sheikh Zayed
1984 Second phase of Ruwais Housing Complex built. Today the 7,000-unit complex houses some 24,000 people.
1985 The refinery is expanded with the commissioning of a 27,000 b/d hydro cracker complex
2009 Plans announced to build $1.2 billion fertilizer plant in Ruwais, producing urea
2010 Adnoc awards $10bn contracts for expansion of Ruwais refinery, to double capacity from 415,000 bpd
2014 Ruwais 261-outlet shopping mall opens
2014 Production starts at newly expanded Ruwais refinery, providing jet fuel and diesel and allowing the UAE to be self-sufficient for petrol supplies
2014 Etihad Rail begins transportation of sulphur from Shah and Habshan to Ruwais for export
2017 Aldar Academies to operate Adnoc’s schools including in Ruwais from September. Eight schools operate in total within the housing complex.
2018 Adnoc announces plans to invest $3.1 billion on upgrading its Ruwais refinery
2018 NMC Healthcare selected to manage operations of Ruwais Hospital
2018 Adnoc announces new downstream strategy at event in Abu Dhabi on May 13
Source: The National
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Maros Sefcovic is juggling multiple international trade agreement files, but his message was clear when he spoke to The National on Wednesday.
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